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2014년 논문-1

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Turner-McGrievy, G. M., et al. (2014). "Transitioning to new child-care nutrition policies: nutrient content of preschool menus differs by presence of vegetarian main entree." J Acad Nutr Diet 114(1): 117-123.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144990 

                Children who attend child care outside the home may be at increased risk for developing obesity. In 2012, the South Carolina ABC Child Care program issued new standards for food and nutrition. The goal of our study (conducted June to December 2012) was to examine changes that occurred at a large, Columbia, SC, preschool during the implementation of the South Carolina ABC Child Care program standards using an observational design, including a survey of parents and nutrient analysis of menus. The nutrition content of menu items before (n=15 days; six of which were vegetarian) and after (n=15 days; six of which were vegetarian) implementation of the new standards was compared. In addition, parents (N=75) were surveyed to examine opinions and support for the changes. Independent samples t tests were used to compare nutrient values before and after menu changes and analysis of variance was used to compare pre- and post-change vegetarian menus and pre- and post-change nonvegetarian menus. There were no significant differences between before and after menus with the exception of a 0.3 cup/day increase in vegetables (P<0.05). Vegetarian menus after the revisions were significantly higher in fiber (13 +/- 3 g) than postrevision nonvegetarian menus (11 +/- 3 g; P<0.05) and lower in sodium (1,068 +/- 207 mg) than postrevision nonvegetarian menus (1,656 +/- 488 mg; P<0.05). Standards that received the most parental support were serving at least two vegetables (score of 8.7 on a scale of one to nine) and two fruits per day (score of 8.6) and implementing policies against staff using food as a reward or punishment (score of 8.6). The center-specific policy of only bringing healthy foods for celebrations received the lowest support (score of 5.8). Adding more vegetarian menu items has the potential to improve the nutrient content of menus while keeping energy intake, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol levels at a more optimum level.

 

Vinagre, J. C., et al. (2014). "Plasma kinetics of chylomicron-like emulsion and lipid transfers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in lacto-ovo vegetarian and in omnivorous subjects." Eur J Nutr 53(3): 981-987.

                PURPOSE: Previously, it was showed that vegan diet improves the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by increasing the plasma clearance of atherogenic remnants. The aim of the current study was to investigate this metabolism in lacto-ovo vegetarians whose diet is less strict, allowing the ingestion of eggs and milk. Transfer of lipids to HDL, an important step in HDL metabolism, was tested in vitro. METHODS: Eighteen lacto-ovo vegetarians and 29 omnivorous subjects, all eutrophic and normolipidemic, were intravenously injected with triglyceride-rich emulsions labeled with (14)C-cholesterol oleate and (3)H-triolein. Fractional clearance rates (FCR, in min(-1)) were calculated from samples collected during 60 min. Lipid transfer to HDL was assayed by incubating plasma samples with a donor nanoemulsion labeled with radioactive lipids. RESULTS: LDL cholesterol was lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (2.1 +/- 0.8 and 2.7 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.05), but HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were equal. Cholesteryl ester FCR was greater in vegetarians than in omnivores (0.016 +/- 0.012, 0.003 +/- 0.003, p < 0.01), whereas triglyceride FCR was equal. Cholesteryl ester transfer to HDL was lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (2.7 +/- 0.6, 3.5 +/- 1.5 %, p < 0.05), but free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid transfers and HDL size were equal. CONCLUSION: Similarly to vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarian diet increases remnant removal, as indicated by cholesteryl oleate FCR, which may favor atherosclerosis prevention, and has the ability to change lipid transfer to HDL.

 

Wallace, T. C., et al. (2013). "Calcium and vitamin D disparities are related to gender, age, race, household income level, and weight classification but not vegetarian status in the United States: Analysis of the NHANES 2001-2008 data set." J Am Coll Nutr 32(5): 321-330. ->1차번역완료

                OBJECTIVE: Adequate calcium and vitamin D intakes are critical during all life cycle stages. This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be targeted toward populations who are truly in need. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D by source and compared usual intakes to the established Dietary Reference Intakes for U.S. residents aged >/=4 years using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 data sets. RESULTS: These results showed for the first time that low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at greater risk of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency. Children aged 4-8 years were more likely to obtain recommended dairy intakes compared with older children and adults of all ages. Food intakes of calcium decreased with age in adults. Adults who used supplemental calcium showed a lower prevalence of insufficiency. Calcium and vitamin D intakes from food and dietary supplements were not related to vegetarian status. Excessive intakes of calcium and vitamin D above the tolerable upper intake level were low among all studied populations and "overnutrification" was not widely present across these analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Age- and gender-specific supplementation and modest use of fortification with calcium and vitamin D may be warranted for targeting certain subpopulations, particularly older adults, teenagers, minorities, and those who are low income and overweight and/or obese. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be better targeted. Low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at a greater risk of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency.

 

미국에서 칼슘과 비타민D 차이가 성, 나이, 인종, 가계 소득 수준, 그리고 체급에는 연관되어 있지만 채식인의 상황과는 관련이 없다. : NHANES 2001-2008 데이터 세트의 분석.

 

목적 : 적절한 칼슘과 비타민 D의 섭취는 일평생의 생활 주기 내내 대단히 중요하다. 이 연구는 미국인 중 특정한 일부의 사람들이 음식과 식이보충제로부터 얻는 칼슘과 비타민 D의 일반적인 섭취의 특징을 보여주는 것을 목표로 했다. 이는 식품 영양의 강화와 보충에 대한 노력이 이를 정말 필요로 하는 사람들을 대상으로 하기 위한 것이다.

 

방법 : 칼슘과 비타민 D의 일반적인 섭취를 추정하기 위해 국립 암 연구소 방식이 자료로 사용되었고, 이 방식은 국립 보건 영양 설문조사 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008 데이터 세트를 사용하여 4세 이상의 미국 거주자들에 대한 일반적인 섭취와 확립된 음식물 관련 섭취를 비교하였다.

 

결과 : 이 결과들은 저소득, 과체중, 비만인 소수 인구는 칼슘과 비타민 D 부족의 위험이 더 클 수 있다는 것을 처음으로 보여주었다. 9세 이상의 어린이들 그리고 전 연령대의 성인들과 비교했을 때, 4-8세 어린이들은 권장된 유제품 섭취를 할 가능성이 더 높았다. 성인들의 경우, 칼슘 음식의 섭취는 나이가 들어감에 따라 감소했다. 추가적 칼슘을 사용한 성인들은 부족함이 덜했다. 음식과 식이보충제로부터 얻는 칼슘과 비타민 D 섭취는 채식인의 상황과는 관련이 없었다. 칼슘과 비타민 D의 용인될 수 있는 수준 이상의 지나친 섭취는 모든 연구된 사람들에서 낮았고, 과도한 질산화는 이 분석에서 크게 나타나지 않았다.

 

결론 : 칼슘과 비타민 D 강화에 관한 연령과 성에 특정한 보충 그리고 적당한 사용은 특히 노인, 십대, 소수집단, 그리고 저소득, 과체중, 비만인 사람들과 같은 특정한 부차집단을 목표로 하는 것을 정당하게 할 것이다.

 

응용 : 이 연구는 강화와 보충 노력이 더 잘 표적화되기 위해 특정한 미국인 부차집단 안에서 음식과 식이 보충제로부터 얻는 칼슘과 비타민 D의 일반적인 섭취를 특징화하는 것을 목표로 했다. 저소득, 과체중, 비만인 소수 개체군들은 칼슘과 비타민 D 부족의 커다란 위험에 처해있다.

  

 

Zeuschner, C. L., et al. (2013). "Vitamin B12 and vegetarian diets." Med J Aust 199(4 Suppl): S27-32.

                Vitamin B12 is found almost exclusively in animal-based foods and is therefore a nutrient of potential concern for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet. Vegans, and anyone who significantly limits intake of animal-based foods, require vitamin B12-fortified foods or supplements. Vitamin B12 deficiency has several stages and may be present even if a person does not have anaemia. Anyone following a vegan or vegetarian diet should have their vitamin B12 status regularly assessed to identify a potential problem. A useful process for assessing vitamin B12 status in clinical practice is the combination of taking a diet history, testing serum vitamin B12 level and testing homocysteine, holotranscobalamin II or methylmalonic acid serum levels. Pregnant and lactating vegan or vegetarian women should ensure an adequate intake of vitamin B12 to provide for their developing baby. In people who can absorb vitamin B12, small amounts (in line with the recommended dietary intake) and frequent (daily) doses appear to be more effective than infrequent large doses, including intramuscular injections. Fortification of a wider range of foods products with vitamin B12, particularly foods commonly consumed by vegetarians, is likely to be beneficial, and the feasibility of this should be explored by relevant food authorities.

 

 

 

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2014

(2014). "Is a vegetarian or vegan diet for you? Before you discard all animal-based foods, learn how to approach this style of eating in a healthy way." Harv Womens Health Watch 21(9): 1, 7.

               

(2014). "More benefits of eating a vegetarian diet." Harv Health Lett 39(7): 8.

               

(2014). "Vegetarian diet linked to lower blood pressure." Harv Heart Lett 24(9): 8.

               

Agrawal, S., et al. (2014). "Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population." Nutr J 13: 89. ->현재 번역중

                BACKGROUND: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among adult men and women in India consuming different types of vegetarian diets compared with those consuming non-vegetarian diets. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data of 156,317 adults aged 20-49 years who participated in India's third National Family Health Survey (2005-06). Association between types of vegetarian diet (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian) and self-reported diabetes status and measured body mass index (BMI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, education, household wealth, rural/urban residence, religion, caste, smoking, alcohol use, and television watching. RESULTS: Mean BMI was lowest in pesco-vegetarians (20.3 kg/m2) and vegans (20.5 kg/m2) and highest in lacto-ovo vegetarian (21.0 kg/m2) and lacto-vegetarian (21.2 kg/m2) diets. Prevalence of diabetes varied from 0.9% (95% CI: 0.8-1.1) in person consuming lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian (95% CI:0.6-1.3) and semi-vegetarian (95% CI:0.7-1.1) diets and was highest in those persons consuming a pesco-vegetarian diet (1.4%; 95% CI:1.0-2.0). Consumption of a lacto- (OR:0.67;95% CI:0.58-0.76;p < 0.01), lacto-ovo (OR:0.70; 95% CI:0.51-0.96;p = 0.03) and semi-vegetarian (OR:0.77; 95% CI:0.60-0.98; p = 0.03) diet was associated with a lower likelihood of diabetes than a non-vegetarian diet in the adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, nationally representative sample of Indian adults, lacto-, lacto-ovo and semi-vegetarian diets were associated with a lower likelihood of diabetes. These findings may assist in the development of interventions to address the growing burden of overweight/obesity and diabetes in Indian population. However, prospective studies with better measures of dietary intake and clinical measures of diabetes are needed to clarify this relationship.

 

Ask, S. and A. Strindlund (2014). "[Vegetarian food is good--even for young children]." Lakartidningen 111(11): 468-472.

               

Barr, S. I. (2015). "Vegetarian diets." World Rev Nutr Diet 111: 53-57.

               

Boanca, M. M., et al. (2014). "The impact of the lacto-ovo vegetarian diet on the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity: a study in the Romanian population." Eur J Clin Nutr 68(2): 184-188.

->현재 번역중

                BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have shown that vitamin B12 scavenges superoxide anion as effectively as superoxide dismutase (SOD), and has a key role in the defense against oxidative stress. The status of vitamin B12 is suboptimal in a substantial number of vegans and even vegetarians. We therefore evaluated in lacto-ovo vegetarians (LOVs) who did not take vitamin B12 supplements the impact of the duration of this diet on the vitamin B12 status, the erythrocyte SOD activity and the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study group included 38 non-vegetarians and 48 LOVs divided, according to the duration of this diet, into two subgroups: LOV1 (2-10 years) and LOV2 (11-29 years). The erythrocyte SOD activity and the serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and MDA were assayed. RESULTS: In LOVs, the mean serum vitamin B12 concentration, the erythrocyte SOD activity and the mean serum MDA concentration were statistically significantly lower that in non-vegetarians. No significant association between the serum vitamin B12 and MDA concentrations and the duration of the LOV diet were observed. A significant inverse linear correlation between SOD activity and the duration of adherence to LOV diet was observed in LOVs. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of LOV diet has impact only on SOD activity. Further researches, both in vitro and in vivo, are necessary to understand the underlying molecular mechanism.

 

Chen, K. and Y. Liu (2014). "[Vegetarian diets and cardiovascular health: evidence-based and pondering]." Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 34(6): 653-655.

                The correlation between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular health is always one of the hotspots. Many scholars have performed so many clinical researches all over the world, providing evidence-based medicine (EBM) reference for clarifying their correlation. In this paper, we raise ideas and expectation on the basis of a Meta-analysis about vegetarian diets and blood pressure (published on JAMA Internal Medicine in Feb 2014) in combination of main clinical research literature in this field in recent 20 years.

 

Clarys, P., et al. (2014). "Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet." Nutrients 6(3): 1318-1332.

                The number of studies comparing nutritional quality of restrictive diets is limited. Data on vegan subjects are especially lacking. It was the aim of the present study to compare the quality and the contributing components of vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Dietary intake was estimated using a cross-sectional online survey with a 52-items food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated as indicators for diet quality. After analysis of the diet questionnaire and the FFQ, 1475 participants were classified as vegans (n = 104), vegetarians (n = 573), semi-vegetarians (n = 498), pesco-vegetarians (n = 145), and omnivores (n = 155). The most restricted diet, i.e., the vegan diet, had the lowest total energy intake, better fat intake profile, lowest protein and highest dietary fiber intake in contrast to the omnivorous diet. Calcium intake was lowest for the vegans and below national dietary recommendations. The vegan diet received the highest index values and the omnivorous the lowest for HEI-2010 and MDS. Typical aspects of a vegan diet (high fruit and vegetable intake, low sodium intake, and low intake of saturated fat) contributed substantially to the total score, independent of the indexing system used. The score for the more prudent diets (vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and pesco-vegetarians) differed as a function of the used indexing system but they were mostly better in terms of nutrient quality than the omnivores.

 

De Filippis, F., et al. (2014). "The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals." PLoS One 9(11): e112373.

                The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.

  

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